Build Your Own Underground Storm Shelter

How to build an underground storm shelter – Building an underground storm shelter might sound like something out of a movie, but it’s actually a very real and practical way to stay safe during severe weather. It’s like having your own personal fortress, ready to withstand whatever Mother Nature throws your way.

From planning and design to construction and safety, we’ll break down the steps involved in building your very own underground sanctuary. Think of it as your own personal “doomsday bunker,” but with a bit more style.

Planning and Design

Building an underground storm shelter is a significant undertaking that requires careful planning and design to ensure safety and effectiveness. Before you start digging, it’s crucial to understand the local building codes and regulations governing storm shelters. These regulations vary depending on the location and can include requirements for structural integrity, ventilation, and access.

Local Building Codes and Regulations

Understanding local building codes and regulations is essential for ensuring your storm shelter meets safety standards. Building codes provide minimum requirements for construction, materials, and design to ensure the shelter can withstand the forces of a storm. Regulations might specify the depth of the shelter, the size of the entrance, and the type of materials allowed.

Consulting with your local building department is crucial to understand these requirements and obtain necessary permits.

Location Selection

Choosing the right location for your underground storm shelter is critical for its effectiveness and safety. Consider these factors:

Proximity to Utilities:Ensure the shelter is not located near any underground utilities, such as power lines, gas lines, or sewer lines. These utilities could pose a risk during a storm or could be damaged during construction.
Soil Type:Different soil types have varying strengths and weaknesses. Clay soil is generally stable and can support the weight of a shelter, while sandy soil may be more prone to shifting. Consult a geotechnical engineer to determine the suitability of the soil at your chosen location.
Potential Hazards:Avoid locations near steep slopes, bodies of water, or areas prone to flooding. These hazards could compromise the safety of the shelter during a storm.
Accessibility:Ensure the shelter is easily accessible for you and your family. Consider the distance from your home and the ease of entry and exit.

Size and Shape

The size and shape of your underground storm shelter should be determined by the number of occupants and the desired features. A general rule of thumb is to allow at least 5 square feet of floor space per person. For a family of four, a shelter with a floor area of 20 square feet would be a good starting point.

Number of Occupants:Determine the maximum number of people who will need to use the shelter. This will influence the size and design of the shelter.
Features:Consider including features such as seating, storage space, a toilet, and a ventilation system. These features can enhance comfort and functionality during a prolonged stay in the shelter.
Shape:The shape of the shelter can impact its structural integrity and ease of construction. A rectangular or square shape is generally preferred for its stability and efficiency.

Construction Materials

The choice of construction materials for an underground storm shelter is crucial for its durability and safety. Common materials include concrete, steel, and earth berms.

Concrete:Concrete is a strong and durable material that can withstand high pressure. It is also relatively inexpensive and easy to work with. However, concrete can be heavy and may require specialized equipment for installation.
Steel:Steel is a strong and lightweight material that can be easily transported and assembled. It is also resistant to corrosion and can be used for a variety of shelter designs. However, steel can be expensive and may require specialized welding or fabrication techniques.
Earth Berms:Earth berms are made from soil and are a relatively inexpensive and sustainable option for shelter construction. However, they require careful planning and construction to ensure stability and water resistance.

Construction Process

The construction of an underground storm shelter is a significant undertaking, requiring careful planning and execution to ensure safety and durability. The following steps Artikel the process of building an underground storm shelter, from excavation to finishing touches.

Excavating the Pit

Excavating the pit for your storm shelter is the first step in the construction process. This step requires careful planning and execution to ensure the safety of workers and the integrity of the shelter.

Obtain Permits:Before starting any excavation, it is crucial to obtain the necessary permits from local authorities. These permits ensure that your project complies with local building codes and regulations.
Mark the Area:Use stakes and string to clearly mark the perimeter of the excavation area. This ensures that the pit is dug to the correct size and shape.
Choose the Right Equipment:Depending on the size and depth of the pit, you will need to select the appropriate excavation equipment. For smaller pits, a backhoe or excavator might suffice. Larger projects may require the use of a larger excavator or a bulldozer.
Safety Precautions:Excavation can be dangerous, so safety precautions are paramount. Ensure that all workers wear appropriate safety gear, including hard hats, safety glasses, and steel-toed boots. The excavation area should be properly secured with barriers and warning signs to prevent unauthorized access.
Slope the Sides:As the pit is dug, it is important to slope the sides at a safe angle to prevent cave-ins. The recommended slope angle varies depending on the type of soil, but a general rule of thumb is 1:1, meaning that for every 1 foot of depth, the side should slope back 1 foot.
Check for Utilities:Before starting excavation, it is crucial to contact utility companies to locate and mark underground utilities, such as gas lines, water pipes, and electrical cables. This helps prevent accidental damage to these utilities during excavation.
Inspect the Pit:Once the excavation is complete, inspect the pit for any signs of instability or loose soil. If necessary, take steps to stabilize the pit before proceeding with construction.

Pouring and Reinforcing the Concrete Foundation

After the pit is excavated, the next step is to pour the concrete foundation for the shelter. This foundation provides a solid base for the walls and roof and helps to ensure the stability and longevity of the structure.

Prepare the Base:The base of the pit should be leveled and compacted to provide a solid foundation for the concrete. You can use gravel or crushed stone to create a firm and level base.
Install Reinforcing Steel:Before pouring the concrete, it is essential to install reinforcing steel (rebar) to increase the strength and durability of the foundation. The rebar should be placed in a grid pattern and tied together with wire.
Pour the Concrete:Once the reinforcing steel is in place, you can pour the concrete. Ensure that the concrete is poured evenly and compacted to remove air bubbles. This will help to create a strong and durable foundation.
Waterproofing and Drainage:To prevent water from seeping into the shelter, it is crucial to apply a waterproofing membrane to the exterior of the concrete foundation. This membrane should extend up the walls of the shelter to provide complete protection. Additionally, install a drainage system around the foundation to divert rainwater away from the shelter.
This system can consist of gravel-filled trenches or drainage pipes.
Curing the Concrete:After the concrete is poured, it needs to cure properly. This involves keeping the concrete moist and at a consistent temperature for several days. This allows the concrete to harden and reach its full strength.

Building the Walls and Roof

Once the foundation is cured, the next step is to build the walls and roof of the shelter. This involves using concrete blocks, poured concrete, or other durable materials to create a strong and stable structure.

Choose Building Materials:There are various materials that can be used for the walls and roof of an underground storm shelter. Concrete blocks are a popular choice due to their durability and affordability. Poured concrete is another option, offering a smooth and seamless finish.
Building an underground storm shelter is a serious undertaking, requiring careful planning and execution. While you’re busy digging and reinforcing, take a break to catch the exciting match between the Indiana Fever and the Seattle Storm – you can find out where to watch it here.
Once you’ve finished watching, you’ll be back to the important task of ensuring your shelter is ready to weather any storm, literally and figuratively.
Other materials like steel or prefabricated panels can also be considered.
Construct the Walls:The walls should be built using the chosen material, ensuring that they are plumb and level. The walls should be reinforced with steel or concrete rebar to increase their strength and stability.
Build the Roof:The roof should be constructed using a durable material that can withstand the weight of the soil above. Concrete slabs, reinforced concrete beams, or steel beams are common options. The roof should be designed to distribute the weight of the soil evenly to prevent the shelter from collapsing.
Install Insulation:To ensure a comfortable and energy-efficient shelter, it is essential to install insulation between the walls and the roof. Insulation helps to prevent heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer.

Installing Doors, Windows, and Ventilation Systems

The final step in the construction process is to install the doors, windows, and ventilation systems. These features are crucial for providing access to the shelter, allowing for natural light and air circulation, and ensuring safety in case of an emergency.

Install Doors:The doors should be made of a strong and durable material, such as steel or reinforced fiberglass. They should be designed to withstand heavy loads and provide a secure seal. Consider installing a double-door system with an airtight seal to further protect the shelter from debris and flooding.
Install Windows:Windows are not typically installed in underground storm shelters, as they can compromise the structural integrity and provide an entry point for debris. However, if you choose to install windows, ensure they are made of a shatterproof material and are properly sealed.
Ventilation System:A ventilation system is crucial for ensuring fresh air circulation within the shelter. A basic ventilation system can consist of an intake vent at the top of the shelter and an exhaust vent at the bottom. Consider installing a fan to enhance air circulation.
Emergency Exit:It is essential to include an emergency exit in your shelter. This could be a secondary door or a hatch that provides access to the outside in case of an emergency.

Interior Design and Features

Designing the interior of your underground storm shelter involves a balance of functionality, comfort, and safety. You’ll need to consider the layout, essential equipment, communication systems, and ways to create a comfortable living space.

Layout Design

The layout of your storm shelter should prioritize functionality and safety. A well-designed layout will make it easier to navigate in the dark and quickly access essential supplies. Here are some key considerations:

Sleeping Area:A designated sleeping area should be large enough for everyone to sleep comfortably. Consider using bunk beds or folding cots to maximize space.
Storage Area:A separate storage area is essential for organizing supplies. Shelves, bins, and drawers can help keep everything organized and easily accessible.
Sanitation Area:A designated area for a portable toilet and handwashing station is crucial for maintaining hygiene. Use a portable toilet with a holding tank and ensure adequate ventilation.
Communication Area:A clear area with good reception for communication devices, such as two-way radios or satellite phones, is essential.
Work Area:A small work area with a table and chair can be helpful for tasks like preparing food or playing games.

Essential Equipment and Supplies

Having the right equipment and supplies is crucial for surviving a prolonged stay in your storm shelter. Here’s a list of essential items:

Food:Store a minimum of a two-week supply of non-perishable food items like canned goods, dried fruits, and protein bars. Consider including a manual can opener.
Water:Store a minimum of one gallon of water per person per day for a two-week period. You can also consider a water filtration system to purify rainwater or water from a well.
First-Aid Kit:A well-stocked first-aid kit is essential for treating minor injuries and illnesses. Include bandages, antiseptic wipes, pain relievers, and any necessary medications.
Sanitation Supplies:Store hand sanitizer, soap, toilet paper, and disinfectant wipes to maintain hygiene.
Lighting:Include flashlights, lanterns, and extra batteries. Consider a solar-powered charging system to keep your lights running.
Communication Devices:Two-way radios and satellite phones are essential for communication with the outside world. Ensure you have charged batteries or a power source for these devices.
Other Essential Items:A basic toolkit, duct tape, fire extinguisher, extra clothing, and blankets are also important.

Communication Systems

Having a reliable communication system is critical for staying connected with the outside world during a storm. Two-way radios and satellite phones offer different benefits:

Two-Way Radios:Two-way radios are relatively inexpensive and easy to use. They are particularly useful for short-range communication with neighbors or emergency responders.
Satellite Phones:Satellite phones offer long-range communication and can be used in areas without cell service. However, they are more expensive and require a subscription plan.

Creating a Comfortable Living Space, How to build an underground storm shelter

While a storm shelter may not be a luxury home, there are ways to make it more comfortable and functional.

Furniture:Consider using folding chairs, cots, and inflatable mattresses for seating and sleeping. Choose furniture that is lightweight and easy to store.
Storage:Use shelves, bins, and drawers to organize supplies and maximize space. Label everything clearly for easy access.
Entertainment:Include books, games, and a battery-powered radio or CD player for entertainment. Consider a small portable TV if you have a power source.

Safety and Maintenance: How To Build An Underground Storm Shelter

While an underground storm shelter provides a safe haven during severe weather, it’s crucial to prioritize safety and proper maintenance to ensure its effectiveness and prevent potential hazards. This section will discuss potential risks, maintenance practices, emergency preparedness, and the importance of a backup power source.

Potential Hazards

Underground storm shelters can pose various hazards if not properly designed, constructed, and maintained. These hazards include carbon monoxide buildup, flooding, and structural failure.

Carbon Monoxide Buildup: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that can be deadly. It can accumulate in an enclosed space, such as an underground shelter, if a gasoline-powered generator is used without proper ventilation.
Flooding: An underground shelter located in an area prone to flooding can be susceptible to water intrusion. This can occur due to heavy rainfall, rising groundwater levels, or a breach in the shelter’s waterproofing.
Structural Failure: The structural integrity of an underground shelter is crucial for its safety. Improper construction techniques, soil movement, or seismic activity can lead to structural failure.

Maintenance Practices

Regular inspections, cleaning, and ventilation are essential for maintaining the safety and functionality of an underground storm shelter.

Regular Inspections: Conduct periodic inspections of the shelter’s structural components, including walls, roof, doors, and ventilation systems. Check for any cracks, leaks, or signs of deterioration.
Cleaning: Keep the shelter clean and free of debris. Regular cleaning helps prevent the growth of mold and mildew and ensures a healthy environment.
Ventilation: Proper ventilation is critical for preventing carbon monoxide buildup and maintaining air quality. Ensure that the shelter’s ventilation system is working properly and that there is adequate airflow.

Emergency Preparedness and Evacuation Procedures

Having a detailed emergency preparedness plan and evacuation procedures is essential in case of a storm or other disaster.

Emergency Contact List: Maintain an updated list of emergency contacts, including family members, neighbors, and local authorities.
Evacuation Routes: Identify multiple evacuation routes to and from the shelter, taking into account potential road closures or other obstacles.
Emergency Supplies: Store a sufficient supply of food, water, first-aid supplies, medications, and other essential items in the shelter. The recommended amount of supplies should be sufficient for at least 72 hours.
Communication Devices: Keep a battery-powered radio, flashlights, and extra batteries in the shelter for communication and illumination in case of a power outage.

Backup Power Source

Having a backup power source is essential for an underground storm shelter, especially during extended power outages.

Generators: Generators provide a reliable source of power for essential appliances, lighting, and communication devices. However, it’s crucial to ensure proper ventilation when using a gasoline-powered generator to prevent carbon monoxide buildup.
Solar Panels: Solar panels offer a clean and sustainable alternative to generators. They can provide electricity for essential appliances and lighting, even during extended power outages.

Alternative Shelter Options

While building an underground storm shelter offers the highest level of protection, it’s not always feasible due to factors like cost, space limitations, or local regulations. Fortunately, several above-ground options provide varying degrees of safety and can be adapted to different needs and budgets.

Prefabricated Shelters

Prefabricated shelters are pre-designed and manufactured units that are delivered to your property and installed. They offer a convenient and often quicker construction option compared to building a shelter from scratch.

Pros:
- Faster installation: Prefabricated shelters are generally ready to install, reducing construction time and labor costs.
- Cost-effective: They can be more affordable than custom-built shelters, especially for smaller units.
- Wide range of options: Prefabricated shelters come in various sizes, materials, and features to meet different needs and budgets.
- Easy maintenance: The pre-engineered design simplifies maintenance and repair.
Cons:
- Limited customization: While some manufacturers offer customization options, the design is generally fixed.
- Potential for damage during transport: The shelter may be susceptible to damage during delivery and installation.
- Limited space: Some prefabricated shelters might not offer enough space for larger families or those with specific requirements.

Basement Shelters

Converting an existing basement into a storm shelter is a common and often cost-effective option. This approach utilizes existing space and can be customized to meet specific needs.

Pros:
- Cost-effective: Utilizing existing space minimizes construction costs.
- Convenient: Provides easy access and allows for customization based on the available space.
- Potential for multi-purpose use: The space can be used for other purposes when not serving as a storm shelter.
Cons:
- Structural reinforcement: Basements may require structural reinforcement to meet safety standards for a storm shelter.
- Limited space: Existing basements may not provide sufficient space for a comfortable and functional shelter.
- Potential for flooding: Basements are prone to flooding, requiring waterproofing and drainage measures.

Safe Rooms

Safe rooms are designed to provide protection from tornadoes and other severe weather events. They are typically constructed within a house or other existing structure and are designed to withstand high winds and debris impact.

Pros:
- Convenient access: Located within the house, providing easy access in an emergency.
- Customizable design: Allows for tailoring the size and features to meet specific needs.
- Potential for multi-purpose use: Can be used as a storage room or home office when not serving as a safe room.
Cons:
- Higher construction costs: Building a safe room requires specialized materials and construction techniques.
- Limited space: Typically smaller than a dedicated storm shelter, providing less room for occupants.
- Potential for damage to surrounding structure: The impact of debris can damage the surrounding structure during a severe storm.

Building a Storm Shelter in an Existing Basement or Garage

Converting an existing basement or garage into a storm shelter can be a practical and cost-effective option. However, careful planning and consideration of potential challenges are crucial.

Pros:
- Utilizing existing space: Minimizes construction costs and time.
- Convenient access: Provides easy access for occupants.
- Potential for multi-purpose use: The space can be used for other purposes when not serving as a storm shelter.
Cons:
- Structural reinforcement: Existing basements and garages may require significant structural reinforcement to meet safety standards for a storm shelter.
- Potential for flooding: Basements are prone to flooding, requiring waterproofing and drainage measures.
- Limited space: Existing basements and garages may not provide sufficient space for a comfortable and functional shelter.

Innovative and Cost-Effective Solutions

For those on a limited budget, there are innovative and cost-effective solutions for building a storm shelter.

Shipping Container Shelters

Repurposed shipping containers offer a sturdy and affordable option for building a storm shelter. The containers are designed to withstand harsh conditions and can be easily modified to create a functional shelter.

Pros:
- Cost-effective: Shipping containers are relatively inexpensive compared to traditional building materials.
- Durable: Designed to withstand extreme conditions, providing a strong and secure shelter.
- Versatile: Can be easily modified to create a comfortable and functional living space.
Cons:
- Limited space: Shipping containers offer limited space, especially for larger families.
- Limited customization: The container’s shape and size limit design flexibility.
- Potential for rust: Steel containers are prone to rust, requiring regular maintenance and protective coatings.

Repurposed Materials

Using repurposed materials, such as concrete blocks, salvaged lumber, or old metal, can significantly reduce the cost of building a storm shelter.

Pros:
- Cost-effective: Repurposed materials can be obtained at a lower cost than new materials.
- Environmentally friendly: Repurposing materials reduces waste and promotes sustainability.
- Unique design: Repurposed materials can create a unique and interesting shelter design.
Cons:
- Availability: Repurposed materials may not be readily available in all areas.
- Quality control: The quality and condition of repurposed materials can vary.
- Structural integrity: Repurposed materials may require careful evaluation to ensure structural integrity.

FAQ Section

How much does it cost to build an underground storm shelter?

The cost of building an underground storm shelter varies depending on factors like size, materials, and location. It’s best to consult with contractors for a personalized estimate.

Is it legal to build an underground storm shelter?

Yes, but there are local building codes and regulations that you must comply with. Make sure to check with your local authorities before starting any construction.

What are the long-term maintenance requirements for an underground storm shelter?

Regular inspections, cleaning, and ventilation are essential for maintaining a safe and healthy underground shelter. You’ll also need to ensure proper drainage and waterproofing to prevent moisture buildup.